I. Gabatarwa
Crystal oscillators, a matsayin ainihin abubuwan sarrafa mitoci, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin kayan masana'antu, tsarin sa ido na tsaro, na'urorin likitanci, na'urorin lantarki, na'urorin gida mai kaifin baki, da sauran fannoni. Ta fuskar macro, gina abubuwan samar da bayanai na duniya yana da alaƙa da haɓakar oscillators. Wannan labarin yana nazarin juyin halitta na fasaha na crystal oscillators -daga gano tasirin piezoelectric zuwa nano{3}}marufi na ma'auni{4}yana bayyana yadda suka haifar da ci gaban fasahar ɗan adam ta hanyar juyin masana'antu guda huɗu.
II. Tarihin Ci gaban Crystal Oscillators
1. Lokacin Haskakawa Fasaha
A shekara ta 1880, 'yan'uwa Jacques da Pierre Curie sun gano cewa yin amfani da damuwa na injiniya zuwa faranti na ma'adini na ma'adini ya haifar da motsi na wutar lantarki, yana ba da shawarar manufarpiezoelectric sakamako.
Ƙa'idar Tasirin Piezoelectric: Lokacin da ake amfani da matsin lamba akan kayan piezoelectric, ana haifar da yuwuwar yuwuwar wutar lantarki (wanda aka sani datasirin piezoelectric kai tsaye). Sabanin haka, amfani da wutar lantarki yana haifar da damuwa na inji (theinverse piezoelectric sakamako). Idan matsatsin ya ƙunshi babban girgiza mai girma{1}, yana haifar da maɗaukakin igiyoyin wutar lantarki mai girma{2}. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da siginonin wutar lantarki masu yawa a kan yumbu na piezoelectric, suna samar da siginar sauti mai girma ({5}} girgizar injina), wanda akafi sani da ultrasonic sakonni.
A cikin 1918, Paul Langevin yayi bincike ta amfani da faranti crystal na quartz don haɓaka tsarin sonar na farko don gano jirgin ruwa. Wannan ya haɗa da haɗa ayyukan sonar da yawa don ingantaccen sarrafa bayanai da sarrafawa ta tsakiya don biyan buƙatun dabara, gami da gano jagorar amo, faɗakarwa mai jujjuyawa, gano bugun bugun jini na sonar, gano manufa, da gargaɗin torpedo. Langevin ya yi amfani da faranti na X{3} yankan quartz don samarwa da gano raƙuman sauti na ƙarƙashin ruwa.
A cikin 1921, Farfesa WG Cady na Jami'ar Wesleyan ya ba da izinin oscillator na quartz crystal. Alamar sa ta yi amfani da resonators na ma'adini crystal don sarrafa mitar oscillator kuma ya bayyana sanduna / faranti na quartz azaman mitar mitoci da masu tacewa. Don haka, Cady an san shi sosai a matsayin farkon wanda ya fara amfani da lu'ulu'u na quartz don sarrafa mitar a cikin da'irori na oscillator.
A cikin 1923, Farfesa Harvard GW Pierce ya haɓaka da'irar oscillator crystal yana sanya kristal tsakanin grid da anode na vacuum tube bawul -mafari ga daidaitawar oscillator na Pierce.
A cikin 1925, Westinghouse Electric ya shigar da oscillator crystal a matsayin babban oscillator na gidan rediyon su KDKA.
Van Dyke ya ƙirƙira ƙirar da'ira daidai don masu resonators na ma'adini. Wannan da'irar tana da mitoci guda biyu:jerin resonant mita (fs)., inda Lg -Cg-Rg reshen reshe, kumaparallel resonant mita (fp)., da overall kewaye resonance. Tun Cg A cikin 1926, Y{1} an gano kuma an yi amfani da su. Har sai lokacin, X{3} kawai kristal da aka yanke. Yayin da X{5} kristal da aka yanke suna da ƙimar zafin jiki na ~-20ppm/digiri, an baje kolin Y-cut crystals ~{8}}ppm/ digiri, yana nuni da cewa yanke kristal daban-daban na iya samar da ma'aunin zafi daban-daban. A cikin 1927, Warren Marrison na Bell Labs ya haɓaka ma'aunin oscillator na quartz na farko. A cikin 1928, Warren Marrison ya ƙirƙira agogon ma'adini na farko a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na wayar Bell. Ma'adini clocks sun maye gurbin madaidaicin agogon pendulum a matsayin mafi daidaiton masu kiyaye lokaci a duniya (har zuwa agogon atomic). Atomic agogoyi amfani da igiyoyin wutan lantarki da ke fitowa yayin sha/sakin makamashin atomic don lokaci, cimma daidaitaccen kuskure ~1 na biyu a cikin shekaru miliyan 20{2}}a halin yanzu mafi ingancin kayan aikin kiyaye lokaci a duniya. A cikin 1934, AT{1}} da BT - cuts quartz crystal resonators sun fito, su kansu Lack/Willard/Fair (Amurka), Koga (Japan), da Beckmann/Straubel (Jamus) ne suka gano su. 2. Lokacin R&D: Mass Production na Crystal Oscillators A cikin 1950, an haɓaka agogon atomic. Agogon Quartz sun sami matsakaicin daidaito na 1 seconds sama da shekaru 30 (30ms/shekara). Bell Labs ya fara aiwatar da tsarin hydrothermal don kasuwanci{6}}ma'auni na girma crystal. 3. Lokacin Ci Gaba: Batch Production & Sauya Daga Soja zuwa Amfanin Farar Hula A cikin 1968, Juergen Staudte na Arewacin Amurka Aviation ya ƙirƙira tsarin hoto don kera oscillators na ma'adini na ma'adini, yana ba da damar ƙaramar samfuran šaukuwa kamar agogo. A cikin 1976, SC{1}} kristal na farko ya zama samuwa. An yi amfani da shi da farko a cikin tanda{3}}wararrun oscillators masu sarrafawa (OCXOs) saboda mafi kyawun yanayin zafin su a yanayin yanayin aiki na OCXO. 4. Lokacin Ci gaba cikin sauri: Aikace-aikace iri-iri a cikin Kayan Lantarki Daga 1990 zuwa yanzu, ma'aunin oscillators na quartz sun samo asali daga DIP zuwa ƙananan fakitin SMD, suna canzawa daga kayan ƙarfe na gargajiya zuwa filastik / karfe / yumbu encapsulations. Madaidaici da buƙatun mita sun ƙaru, suna buƙatar ingantattun hanyoyin samarwa. Aikace-aikacen da aka faɗaɗa daga amfani da su zuwa fannoni daban-daban kamar 5G, IoT, na'urorin lantarki na mota, kiwon lafiya mai wayo, da na'urori masu hankali. III. Takaitawa Shekaru 70+ daga 1880 zuwa 1956 sun yi alamar farkon lokacin oscillators na quartz, wanda ke tattare da abubuwan ƙirƙira da ƙwararrun masu ƙirƙira. Ci gaban fasaha na quartz yana nuna tsarin ganowa, fahimta, da balaga - ba za a iya hanzarta ba. 
